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Aptamers are short, single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that can bind to specific targets such as proteins, peptides, small molecules, or even entire cells with high affinity and specificity. They are generated through an in vitro selection process called SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment), which screens large libraries of random sequences to find the best binders to a chosen target. Due to their unique three-dimensional structures, aptamers can form complex shapes that allow them to tightly bind to their targets, similar to how antibodies function in biological systems.
Aptamers are increasingly being explored in diagnostics, therapeutics, and biosensing due to their stability, low immunogenicity, and ease of synthesis and modification. Unlike antibodies, aptamers can be synthesized chemically, which reduces batch-to-batch variability and manufacturing costs. In therapeutics, they are being investigated for targeted drug delivery, cancer treatment, and antiviral applications. In diagnostics, aptamers are used in biosensors and molecular imaging due to their ability to rapidly and specifically recognize disease markers. Their versatility and tunability make them promising tools in precision medicine and biotechnology.
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